The property of unpredictability / uncertainty associated with thunderstorms may have a role in shaping the neurochemical and behavioral responses to anxiety provoking situations, suggesting future areas of exploration for understanding anxiety-related responses in dogs. 76%), supports the hypothesis that neurochemical responses to noise are different from those to thunderstorms, if the behavioral phenotypes or endophenotypes are manifestations of repeated exposure and LTP. ![]() These data, combined with the finding that the probability of having a noise phobia given a thunderstorm phobia is not equivalent to the converse (90% v. However, the probability that a patient has noise phobia is higher (74%) than the probability that they have thunderstorm phobia (61%), given that either have separation anxiety. The conditional probability that a patient has separation anxiety, given that they have noise phobia is high (88%) and approximately the same as if they have thunderstorm phobia (87%). Second, the interaction of multiple pathological responses to noise likely either reflects an altered, dysfunctional, underlying neurochemical substrate, or is the result of one. First, noise and thunderstorm phobia are different from each other and affect the frequency and intensity of related behaviors in co-morbid diagnoses differently. Furthermore, the finding that the observed frequency of a diagnosis of separation anxiety + thunderstorm phobia, and of separation anxiety + noise phobia was significantly is lower than expected were they independent, but that the observed frequency of a diagnosis of thunderstorm phobia + noise phobia, and of separation anxiety + noise phobia + thunderstorm phobia is significantly higher than expected, were the diagnoses independent, supports 2 important conclusions. These findings support the concept that although they share non-specific signs, the diagnoses are separate entities. Separation anxiety and noise phobia: Separation anxiety occurs significantly more often as a solitary diagnosis than would be expected under random conditions, and noise phobias occur significantly less often as a solitary diagnosis under the same conditions. Specific examination of findings regarding separation anxiety, noise phobia, and OCD follow. If so, this strongly suggests that associations between various anxiety and mood conditions (e.g., depression and anxiety panic and social phobias, etc.) may be the result of increased risk that is either the direct result of a shared underlying cause of the initial disorder, or the indirect result of neurochemical and, or molecular changes that occur because of the initial disorder. While the data are few owing to the nature of retrospective studies, heightened noise reactivity or fear as a young dog may predispose the individual to the later development of separation anxiety. In the case of separation anxiety, the co-morbid diagnosis is usually noise or thunderstorm phobia. Patients with true panic and phobic responses are more sensitive to pharmacologic stimulation and suppression of the LC than are controls Īlthough there are few quantitative clinical studies on anxious dogs, those focusing on separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder have shown that a high percentage of affected patients experience other, co-morbid anxiety disorders (~90% and 75%, respectively). ![]() The LC directly supplies the limbic systems and may be responsible for many correlated "limbic" signs. Dysregulation of the LC appears to lead to panic and phobias in humans. The specific neuroanatomy of a fear response involves the locus ceruleus (LC), the principal norepinerphrinergic (noradrenergic) nucleus in the brain. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that fear is, in part, due to chronic amygdala over-reaction and, or failure of the amygdala to turn off after the threat has passed. What is known is that: (1) a functioning amygdala is required to learn fear, (2) a functioning forebrain is required to unlearn fear (i.e., to effect habituation), and (3) many human fears appear to be the result of the inability to inhibit a fear response. The extent to which learning and memory play roles in fear, anxiety, phobias, and OCD has been poorly studied because it is difficult to do so given the complexity of the neurochemical systems involved. Neuroanatomical studies of panic disorder are closely linked to those pertaining to fear and to peripheral responses. Furthermore, like humans, dogs with one anxiety-related diagnosis frequently have other anxiety-related diagnoses, suggesting the existence of some putative genetic or neurochemical liability. Anxiety disorders are among the most common health concerns in human medicine, as they are for pet dogs.
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